A BRIEF ACCOUNT 

OF THB 

Lick Observatory 

OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 



PREPARED BY 

EDWARD S. HOLDEN 
Director of the Observatory 



BERKELEY 
THE UNIVERSITY PI 



A BRIEF ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

Lick Observatory 

OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 



PREPARED BY 

EDWARD S. HOLDEN 

Director of Ike Observatory 



BERKELEY 
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 

1894 






A BRIEF ACCOUNT 



LICK OBSERVATORY. 



James Lick, who gave to the world the Lick Observatory, 
was born in Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, August 25, 1796, 
and died in San Francisco, October r, 1876. His body lies in 
the base of the pier of the great Equatorial. He learned and 
practiced the trade of organ and piano-making in Hanover, 
Pennsylvania, and in Baltimore. In 1820 he was in business 
in Philadelphia. From there he went to Buenos Ayres, making 
and selling pianos. From the east coast of South America he 
came to the west, and finally, in 1847, ne arrived in San 
Francisco. 

Successful in business, but far more successful in his invest- 
ments in laud, he became rich, and died leaving an estate of 
some $3,000,000. This was all devoted to public uses. His 
deed of trust charged the Board of Lick Trustees to expend : 

For a monument in San Francisco to Francis Scott Key, 
author of the "Star Spangled Banner," the sum of $60,000; 

For statuary, emblematic of three significant epochs in the 
history of the State of California, to be placed in front of the 
San Francisco City Hall, $100,000; 

For a Home for Old Ladies in San Francisco, $100,000; 

For Free Baths in San Francisco, $150,000; 

For a California Institute of Mechanic Arts — a manual 
training-school for the boys and girls of San Francisco, $540,000; 

For the Lick Observatory, to contain the most powerful 
telescope in the world, $700,000; besides many other important 
bequests, to the Society of California Pioneers, to the California 
Academy of Sciences and other beneficiaries. 

His exact provisions in regard to the Observatorv were : 



THE L ICK OBSER I 'A TOR Y. 5 

Mr.. LICK'S SECOND DEED OF TRUST. 

"Third — To expend the sum of seven hundred thousand 
dollars ($700,000) for the purpose of purchasing laud, and 
constructing and putting up on such land as shall be designated 
by the party of the first part, a powerful telescope, superior to 
and more powerful than any telescope yet made, with all the 
machinery appertaining thereto and appropriately connected 
therewith, or that is necessary and convenient to the most 
powerful telescope now in use, or suited to one more powerful 
than any yet constructed ; and also a suitable observatory 
connected therewith. The parties of the second part hereto, 
and their successors, shall, as soon as said telescope and 
observatory are constructed, convey the land whereupon the 
same may be situated, and the telescope and the observatory 
and all the machinery and apparatus connected therewith to 
the corporation known as the Regents of the University of 
California ; and if, after the construction of said telescope and 
observator}'- there shall remain of said seven hundred thousand 
dollars in gold coin any surplus, the said parties of the second 
part shall turn over such surplus to said corporation to be 
invested by it in bonds of the United States, or of the city 
and county of San Francisco, or other good and safe interest- 
bearing bonds, and the income thereof shall be devoted to the 
maintenance of said telescope and observatory, and shall be 
made useful in promoting science; and the said telescope 
and observatory are to be known as the Lick Astronomical 
Department of the University of California." 

BUILDING OF THE OBSERVATORY. 

Under the provisions of this deed, a Board of Trustees, 
composed of Messrs. R. S. Floyd, William Sherman, E. B. 
Mastick, Charles M. Plum, and George Schoenwald, built the 
Observatory and transferred it to the Regents of the University 
on June 1, 18S8. The whole cost of the establishment was 
$610,000 (the instruments costing $111,906.38), and $90,000 
is invested as an endowment. 













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THE LICK OBSER VA TOR Y. 7 

SUPPORT OF THE INSTITUTION. 

The interest on $90,000 is entirely insufficient for the 
support of the Observatory, and the deficiency is made up 
by annual appropriations from the University income. While 
these appropriations are as large as can be properly made, they 
are still far less than actual wants. The Lick Observatory is 
one of the best equipped institutions in the world, but its 
annual income is much less than that of any other establishment 
of the first class. 

For the purposes of comparison, it may be stated that the 
number of persons employed in purely astronomical work at 
some of the leading observatories is : Observatory of Greenwich, 
about 30 ; Observato^ of Harvard College, about 40 ; Observa- 
X.OXJ of Paris, about 1 7 astronomers and many computers ; 
Observatory of Pulkowa (St. Petersburg), about 16 ; Observatory 
of Rio Janeiro, about 16; Observatory of Washington, D. C, 
about 19. The Lick Observato^ has seven observers in all. 
The annual incomes of some of the establishments named 
above are three times those of the Lick Observatory, and the 
expenses of all of them are at least twice as much. 

It is worth while to give this comparison explicitly, because 
the impression prevails that the Lick Observatory is as liberally 
endowed as it is magnificently equipped ; whereas the facts are, 
unfortunately, very different. 

GIFTS TO THE LICK OBSERVATORY. 

The income of the Observatory is barely sufficient for its 
current work. For the purchase of special instruments and 
apparatus and for the expenses of expeditions sent to foreign 
countries for the purpose of observing total solar eclipses, we 
have had to depend on the gifts of numerous friends. Among 
them should be named : Miss C. B. Bruce of New York City ; 
Hon. D. O. Mills of New York City ; Hon. C. F. Crocker of San 
Francisco ; Edison General Electric Company of New York City ; 
Mrs. Phebe Hearst of San Francisco ; W. W. Law of New York 
City; Dr. S. P. Laugley, Smithsonian Institution, Washington; 




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» 

THE LICK OBSER VA TOR Y. 9 

Dr. T. C. Mendenhall, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Wash- 
ington ; the trustees of the Thompson fund, A. A. A. S., and 
others. 

OFFICERS OF THE OBSERVATORY. 

The sections immediately following are extracted from the 
REGISTER of the University and give the official status of the 
Observatory^ as a part of the University : 

Martin Kellogg, President of the University ; Edward S. 
Holden, Director and Astronomer ; John M. Schaeberle, Astrono- 
mer ; Edward E. Barnard, Astronomer ; William W. Campbell, 
Astronomer; Richard H. Tucker, Jr., Astronomer; Allen L. 
Colton, Assistant Astronomer ; C. D. Perrine, Secretary. 

HISTORY OF THE LICK OBSERVATORY. 
Mr. Lick, in August, 1875, selected Mount Hamilton, in 
Santa Clara County, as a site for the Observatory. Land for 
the site (1350 acres) was granted by Act of Congress, June 7, 
1876. One hundred and forty-nine acres additional were 
purchased by Mr. Lick, and a tract of forty acres was added 
by gift of R. F. Morrow, Esq., in 1886. The north half of 
section sixteen of the township was granted to the University, 
for the use of the Observatory, by the Legislature of California 
in 1888. This land (320 acres) is continuous with the grant 
from the United States. Congress also granted in 1892 an 
additional tract of 680 acres, making the total area of the 
Reservation about 2581 acres. A road to the summit of Mount 
Hamilton (4209 feet above the sea), was built by Santa Clara 
County, at a cost of about $78,000, in the year 1876. 

BUILDINGS AND INSTRUMENTS. 
The Observatory consists of a Main Building, containing 
computing rooms, library (of 3000 books and 3000 pamphlets), 
and the domes of the 36-inch equatorial and the 12-inch 
equatorial ; and Detached Buildings to shelter the Meridian 
Circle, the Transit, the Horizontal Photo-Heliograph, the 
portable Equatorial, and the Crocker Photographic Telescope. 



THE L ICK OBSER I r A 7V A' Y. 1 1 

On the grounds are dwelling houses for the astronomers, 
students, and employes, and shops for the workmen. The 
Observatory is fully provided with instruments, the most im- 
portant of which are named below. 

36-inch equatorial ; objective bj T Alvan Clark & Sons, mount- 
ing by Warner & Swasey. This instrument has also a photo- 
graphic corrector of 33 inches, figured by Alvan G. Clark. 

12-inch equatorial; by Alvan Clark & Sous. 

6)4-inch equatorial; objective by Alvan Clark & Sons, 
mounting by Warner & Swasey. 

6_^-inch meridian circle; objective by Alvan Clark & Sons, 
mounting by Repsold. 

4-inch transit; objective by Alvan Clark & Sons, mounting 
by Fauth & Co. 

4-inch comet seeker; by Alvan Clark & Sons. 

5-inch horizontal photo-heliograph ; by Alvan Clark & Sons. 

Crocker Photographic telescope ; objective by Willard, re- 
figured by J. A. Brashear, who provided the mounting also. 
There are, besides, man}- minor pieces of astronomical, physical, 
meteorological, and photographic apparatus, including spectro- 
scopes, seismometers, photometers, micrometers, clocks, chrono- 
graphs, etc. 

REGULATIONS REGARDING STUDENTS. 

The Regents of the University have established the following 
regulations: "The regular course of undergraduate work in 
astronomy in the University will be given in part in the 
Colleges of Science at Berkeley, and the remainder at the Tick 
Observatory. Students who are graduates of the University of 
California, or of a university or college of like standing, will 
also be received at the Lick Observatory to pursue a higher 
course of instruction in astronomy, provided that, after examina- 
tion, they show themselves competent. Such students may 
become candidates for the higher degrees of the University, in 
the ordinary manner, or they may be received as special students 
merely. Quarters at Mount Hamilton may be assigned to them 
during that portion of the year occupied in their work with 



THE L ICK OBSER VA TOR Y. 13 

the instruments, and in return for such quarters they will be 
required to execute such computations as are assigned to them." 

"So many graduates as can be furnished accommodations at 
Mount Hamilton without expense to the University, may pursue 
astronomical studies with the Director at the Lick Observatory. 
Such graduate students must be either candidates for the higher 
degrees of the University, in the ordinary manner, or special 
students admitted with the consent of the President of the 
University, and the Director of the Observatory. Such candi- 
dates shall spend at least one year in their studies at Berkeley." 

At present, all undergraduate instruction in astronomy is 
given at Berkeley, and the courses there are so arranged as to 
lead directly to graduate work at Mount Hamilton. Applica- 
tion for admission to graduate courses at the Observatory may 
be made at any time to the Recorder of the University at 
Berkeley ; and students will be admitted on the recommendation 
of the Director, approved by the President of the University. 
Admission is ordinarily granted to graduates of the University 
of California, and also to graduates of other colleges and 
scientific schools of good standing who present satisfactory 
evidence of character and qualifications. Other persons of 
suitable age and attainments may also be admitted. 

Students at the Lick Observatory may either be : (a) 
Candidates for one of the higher degrees of the Univer- 
sity, or (£) special students. The higher degrees offered are 
Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy. 
The conditions upon which they are granted are given in the 
Register of the University, except that a residence at Mount 
Hamilton is required of all candidates for a Master's degree of 
at least four months, and of all candidates for a Doctor's degree 
of at least eight months. It is expected that students will 
choose their periods of residence at the Lick Observatory in the 
months June to November. In certain cases the requirement of 
Latin of candidates for the Doctor's degree may be remitted by 
the proper authority. In all cases a good reading knowledge 
of French and German will be required of such candidates. 
Particular attention is called to the fact that the higher degrees 




LOOKING SOUTH-WEST TOWARDS MT. HAMILTON 



THE L ICK OBSER I A TOR Y. 15 

of the University are not given for mere faithfulness in the 
performance of allotted tasks, but that "power to do original 
work" (as exhibited in a thesis to be submitted before final 
examination, and in other ways) must be shown. 

Special students are received (usually during the favorable 
observing weather, June to November), and every facility 
consistent with the scientific work of the establishment will be 
given to them. They will be required to follow out some line of 
work, to the satisfaction of the Director, and they will usually 
be assigned as assistants to some of the astronomers. 



HEARST FELLOWSHIPS IN ASTRONOMY. 

Mrs. Phebe Hearst has provided a fund to be used in aid of 
scientific work at the Lick Observatory. A portion of this fund 
ma5' be set aside for the purpose of defraying a part of the 
expenses of such advanced students as may be appointed to be 
Hearst Fellows in Astronomy by the Board of Regents on the 
recommendation of the President of the University and of the 
Director of the Observatory. Such recommendations will not 
be made except of students who have already made decided 
progress in their work ; and candidates for the higher degrees 
of the University will be preferred, in general. 

QUARTERS FOR STUDENTS. 

Comfortable quarters (unfurnished) are allotted to all students 
at the Observatory. A- kitchen and dining-room (partly fur- 
nished) are also provided for the common use of students, who 
must make their own arrangements for board and service. The 
cost per month to each student need not exceed $30. No 
charges or fees of any sort for instruction are required from 
students in the University. All injuries to instruments or 
apparatus must be made good at the student's expense, and 
students are expected to provide the larger part of the chemicals 
used in their practice of photography. Each student should 
bring with him the furniture of his bed, etc., and should also 
provide himself with text-books. 



THE LICK OBSER VA TOR V. 17 

Intending students will do well to communicate with the 
Director of the Observatory before making their formal appli- 
cations for admission to the Recorder. The postoffice address 
is Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County, California. 

HOURS FOR VISITORS. 

The Board of Regents of the University of California has 
established the following regulations : 

Visitors will be received at the Lick Observatory during 
office hours, whenever any of the astronomers are present. 

Regular nights in each month, not exceeding one per week, 
shall be set apart for the reception of visitors, except during 
inclement weather, and visitors will be received on these nights 
between certain hours and at no other times. 

The Observatory buildings will be open to visitors during 
office hours, every day in the year. Upon their arrival, visitors 
will please go at on^e to the visitors' room and register their 
names. 

An hour or so can be profitablj- occupied in viewing the 
different instruments, and the rest of the stay can be well spent 
in walks to the various reservoirs, from which magnificent views 
•of the surrounding country can be had. At least an hour and 
a half of daylight should be allowed for the drive from the 
Summit to Smith Creek. There are no hotel accommoda- 
tions at the Summit. 

For the present, visitors will be received at the Observatory 
to look through the great telescope every Saturday night, 
between the hours of 7 and 10, and at these times only. 

Whenever the work of the Observatory will allow, other 
telescopes will also be put at the disposition of visitors on 
Saturdays between the same hours (only). 

At 10 p.m. the Observatory will be closed to visitors, who 
should provide their own conveyance to Smith Creek, as there 
is no way of lodging them on the mountain. 

It is expected by setting apart these times for visitors (which 



THE LICK OBSER VA TOR Y. 19 

allow freer access to the Lick Observatory than is allowed to 
an)- other observatory in the world) that all interested may be 
able to arrange their visits in conformity to them ; and that the 
remaining hours of the week will be kept entirely uninterrupted 
in order that the astronomers ma}^ do the work upon which 
the reputation and the good name of the Observatory entirely 
depends. 

NUMBER OF VISITORS. 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June 1, 1S89 6,400 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June 1, 1S90 5,132 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June 1, 1891 5,005 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June i, 1802 5,959 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June 1, 1893 5,472 

Visitors admitted for the year ending June 1, 1894 5,747 

Visitors admitted since June 1, 1888 33,715 

Those visitors who come in the day time are personally con- 
ducted through the various buildings at 1:30 p.m. and the uses of 
the instruments are explained to them. On Saturday nights the 
number of visitors ranges from 30 to 300. Each person is shown 
the most interesting celestial objects through the 36-inch and 
the 12-inch equatorials. The whole force of the Observatory is 
on duty at such times and no pains are spared to make these 
visits profitable and interesting. The senior classes in astronomy 
in the University of California and in various other Californian 
colleges come to the Observatory on evenings specially set apart 
for them. Lectures are given by the astronomers at different 
places and times. All specially interesting observations and 
discoveries are described in the magazines or the daily press. 
The Astronomical Society of the Pacific, which numbers more 
than five hundred members, holds its summer meetings at 
Mount Hamilton. 

In these and other ways the Observatory is made directly 
useful to the public of California, and it cannot fail to have an 
important part in the intellectual advancement of the whole 
country. 









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THE LICK OBSER I r A TOR Y. 2 1 

INSTRUMENTS OF THE OBSERVATORY. 

The instrumental equipment of the Observatory is of the 
highest excellence, and it is practically complete with one 
exception. From the beginning it was contemplated to supple- 
ment the great refracting telescope by a large reflector. This 
part of the original plan has not yet been carried out, but our 
experience has demonstrated the need of such an instrument, and 
it is very important that this addition should be made. When it 
is made, two great telescopes — a refractor and a reflector — will 
still give to the Observatory the most powerful instrumental 
equipment in the world. 

From 1888 to 1893 the 36-inch refractor of the L,ick Observa- 
tory was the largest in the world. In the present year a 40-inch 
telescope has been completed for the University of Chicago. 



SCIENTIFIC WORK OF THE ASTRONOMERS. 

It is quite impossible in the present place, to speak of the 
scientific work of the Observatory in any detailed way. 

Ten new comets, a great number of double stars, and a 
new satellite to Jupiter have been discovered here. The photo- 
graphs of solar eclipses and the results drawn from them by our 
astronomers have put a new face on the question of the consti- 
tution of the solar corona. The detailed study of the sun's 
surface, by photography, has lately been taken up. 

Photographic and visual observations of Comets, the Milky 
Way, the Moon and Planets have added very greatly to our 
knowledge. Our spectroscopic observations of Nebulae, Stars 
and Comets are of hitherto unattained accuracy and have led to 
quite new views. For the first time the angular diameter of a 
fixed star has been measured here. For details regarding these 
discoveries and observations reference must be made to the 
publications of the astronomers in the scientific journals, and 
especially to the "Notices from the Lick Observatory" printed 
by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 

Owing to the comparatively small income of the Observatory 
it has not been possible to undertake researches in all branches 




THE TWEEVE-INCH EQUATORIAL 



THE LICK OBSER VA TOR J ". 23 

of astronomy. The attempt has been to select a certain number 
of fields and to attain excellence in each field selected. When- 
ever an increased endowment, by gift or otherwise, becomes 
available, new fields can be occupied, with every prospect of 
success. The site of the Observatorj- is very favorable in all 
respects. Its instrumental equipment is unrivalled. 

COOPERATING FOREIGN ASTRONOMERS. 
The Lick Observatory is in close cooperation with all other 
astronomical observatories and with astronomers abroad and at 
home. Several foreign astronomers are giving a large part of 
their working time to measures and discussions of astronomical 
photographs made here. Among these gentlemen especial men- 
tion should be made of Professor Weinek, Director of the 
Observatory of Prague, who is engaged in making enlarged 
drawings and photographs from the negatives of the moon 
taken here; Baron Albert von Rothschild of Vienna is working 
in the same direction ; Professor Franz of the University of 
Kcenigsberg ; Dr. Victor Nielsen of Copenhagen ; Dr. Boeddicker, 
astronomer in Lord Rosse's Observatory; A. Stanley Williams, 
F.R.A.S., of London, and others. All of these astronomers are 
assisting the Observatory in different researches by systematic 
work of the same kind which they would do if we were so 
fortunate as to number them among our immediate colleagues. 

TIME SERVICE. 
Accurate time signals are sent from the Observatory every 
daj- at noon, and are received at every railway station between 
San Francisco and Ogden ; San Francisco and El Paso ; San 
Francisco and Portland, Oregon. In this way the Observatory 
furnishes exact time (Pacific Standard time), without cost, to the 
inhabitants of many States and Territories. 

EARTHQUAKE OBSERVATIONS. 
A complete set of earthquake instruments registers the time 
and intensity of all shocks felt here, and a catalogue of such 
statistics is yearly printed. These are the first systematic 
observations of the kind made in California. Meteorological 
records are also kept. 




THE SIX-INCH SQUATOKJAI, 



THE L ICK OBSER VA TOR Y. 25 

WORKS ISSUED BY THE LICK OBSERVATORY. 
Two series of works, the first, iu quarto, known as " Publica- 
tions of the Lick Observatory ;" the second, in octavo, known as 
"Contributions from the Lick Observatory," are printed from 
time to time by the direction of the Regents of the University. 
They art technical in character. They are not for sale, but are 
exchanged with other scientific institutions in return for gifts to 
the library of the Observatory. The works already published ar; : 

1. Publications of the Lick Observatory of the University of 
California, prepared under the direction of the Lick Trustees, 
by Edward S. Holden, Volume I, 1887. Sacramento, 1887, 41.0. 
[Containing a brief history of the Observatory, with descriptions 
of the buildings and instruments ; observations of double stars by 
S. W. Burnham, 1879; of the transit of Mercury, 1881, by 
Messrs. Floyd, Holden and Burnham ; of the transit of Venus, 
1882, by D. P. Todd; meteorological observations, by T. Fraser, 
1880-85; and reduction tables for Mount Hamilton, by G. C. 
Comstock. ] 

2. Suggestions for Observing the Total Eclipse of the Sun on 
January i, 1889, by Edward S. Holden. Printed by authority of 
the Regents of the University of California. Sacramento, 1888, 
8vo. [Out of print.] 

3. Contributions from the Lick Observatory, No. t. Reports 
on the Observations of the Total Eclipse of the Sun of January 
1, 1889, published by the Lick Observatory. Printed by 
authority of the Regents of the University of California. Sacra- 
mento, 1S89, 8vo. [Out of print.] 

4. Contributions from the Lick Observatory, No. 2. Reports 
on the observations of the total eclipse of the sun, December ,?i- 
22, 18S9, and of the total eclipse of the moon, July 22, 1888, to 
which is added a catalogue of the library, published by the Lick 
Observatory. Printed by authority of the Regents of the Uni- 
versity of California. Sacramento, 1 891, 8 vo. [Out of print.] 

5. Contributions from the Lick Observatory, No. 3. Terres- 
trial atmospheric absorption of the photographic rays of light, 



THE LICK OBSERVATORY. 27 

by J. M. Schaeberle, astronomer in the Lick Observatory. 
Printed by authority of the Regents of the University of Cali- 
fornia. Sacramento, 1893, 8vo. 

6. Publications of the L,ick Observatory of the University of 
California. Printed by authority of the Regents of the Univer- 
sity. Volume II, 1893. Sacramento, 1893, 4-to. [Containing 
double star observations made with the 36-inch and 12-inch 
refractors of the Lick Observatory from August, 1888, to June, 
1892, by S. W. Burnham.] 

Other volumes are now in preparation. 

The publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 
contain notices from the L,ick Observatory, which are brief 
accounts of the scientific work of the institution, prepared by 
the astronomers. Especial pains are taken to put these accounts 
into a simple and popular form. The history of the Observatory 
can be followed from month to month in these publications. 

EXHIBITS AT THE MIDWINTER FAIR. 

With the aid of an appropriation from the Santa Clara County 
Board of World's Fair Commissioners an exhibit of transparencies 
and photographic prints was prepared for exhibition at Chicago 
in the Santa Clara County space of the California building. At 
the Midwinter Fair this exhibit was displayed in the Santa 
Clara County building. 

The Regents of the University directed that the Observatory 
prepare a second exhibit to be displayed at the Midwinter 
Fair in the space allotted to the University of California, 
since the Observatory is one of the departments of the State 
University. This second exhibit is somewhat fuller than the 
exhibit at Chicago, as many new negatives have been obtained 
since June, 1892, when the first exhibit was completed. The 
chief features of both these exhibits are framed glass trans- 
parencies of astronomical and other negatives made by the 
astronomers of the Observatory, and also enlargements from 
these negatives made either at Mount Hamilton, or by foreign 
astronomers and experts. 




THE TRANSIT INSTRUMENT 



THE LICK OBSERVATORY. ?9 

Each picture bears a label which gives the necessary informa- 
tion regarding it. Copies of many of these negatives can be 
purchased from the leading photographers of San Francisco and 
San Jose. Attention is particularly directed to photographs of 
the solar coronas of 18S9, January; 1869, December; and 1893, 
April, by Messrs. Buruham, Schaeberle and Barnard; to photo- 
graphs of the moon, in the focus of the large telescope, taken by 
various astronomers ; to the very successful enlargements of these 
negatives, made by Baron Rothschild of Vienna, Professor 
"Weinek, Director of the Observatory of Prague, Victor Nielsen 
of Copenhagen, and by Mr. Colton of the L,ick Observatory. 
These enlargements are of various scales, from the moon's 
diameter equal to ten feet downward ; to photographs of the 
milky way and comets, by Professor Barnard ; to star maps in 
both the Northern and Southern hemispheres ; to photographs of 
nebulae, and especially to pictures of the total solar eclipse of 
April, 1893, by Professor Schaeberle ; to photographs of drawings 
of Mars and of comets, by Professor Hussey ; to spectrum photo- 
graphs and drawings by Professor Campbell; to photogiaphs 
(enlarged) of Jupiter, taken with the large telescope ; to photo- 
graphs of the sun and sun spots, taken by Mr. Perrine, and to 
views of the Lick Observatory, its instruments and its surround- 
ings, taken by all the astronomers. 

In conclusion, it should be stated that the present pamphlet 
has been prepared b5 T direction of the Regents of the University. 



Edward S. Hodden. 



Lick Observatory, 
June i, 1894. 




THE EARTHQUAKE RECORDER 




Aug., ml , iih., 15m P. s. T. 1892, Aug., 17 d., n h., 15 in. P.S.T. 
SKETCHES OF MARS SHOWING CANALS. 




LUNAR LANDSCAPE. 
Drawn by Professor L. Weinek from the Negative taken at the Lick Observatory on August 23, 



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